Collections › Indigenous Americans

Indigenous Americans

17 songs · chronological within each section · A–Z by artist
Annotations and notes by Justin A. Brummer
Entries are numbered (#1, #2 …) for reference on this page; the numbers shift when entries are added or split.
Billy Walkabout, citizen of the Cherokee Nation, the most decorated Indigenous American soldier of the Vietnam War, receiving the Distinguished Service Cross, the Bronze Star Medal, the Army Commendation Medal, and the Purple Heart.12
A collection of Vietnam War songs by Indigenous North Americans
This forms part of the larger Vietnam War Song Project, an interpretive examination of over 6,500 Vietnam War songs identified, revealing how the war's significance is represented through music. The project also collects spoken-word recordings about the conflict. This unique collection of voices advances scholarship by providing insights into people’s views about the war over time as represented in music, looking at diverse communities and vibrant music scenes. It is crucial in developing our knowledge of the war and the humanities, through the use of a digital research platform.
Note: The VWSP has identified, to date, 17 songs by or about Indigenous Americans.
Citation: Justin A. Brummer, Vietnam War Song Project (VWSP) — Indigenous Americans, vietnamwarsongproject.com/list/indigenous-americans, accessed 12 November 2026

Criteria & Context

Beyond Vet, the songs in this collection most often also deal with: Pro-Soldier, Anti-War, Demonstration, First Gulf War.
Donna M. Loring, citizen of the Penobscot nation, served at Long Binh Post, Vietnam, in 1967 & 1968, where she processed casualty reports of Southeast Asia.1
According to the National Museum of the American Indian: "Approximately 42,000 American Indians—one of four eligible Native people compared to about one of twelve non-Natives—served in the armed forces during the war in Vietnam (1964–1975). Many were drafted, but a large number volunteered, often citing family and tribal traditions of service as a reason".2
  • Pre-Gulf of Tonkin: 1960-1964
    While many of these early songs may have been intending to refer to US troops in Germany, or Korea, or representing general Cold War fears, they were released in the run-up to the "Vietnam era" and the Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964), which led to a major escalation of US involvement in the conflict, and thus included in this list, as cultural perspectives. The criteria is the same as for the war years - the songs included mention Vietnam, or the lyrics deal with war-related themes, such as the draft, napalm, prisoners of war, demonstrations, references to soldiers and veterans, war & peace, and expressions of patriotism.

  • War Years: 1964-1975
    Released during the key war years, the songs included mention Vietnam, or the lyrics deal with war-related themes, such as the draft, napalm, prisoners of war, demonstrations, references to soldiers and veterans, war & peace, and expressions of patriotism.

    While the war goes back to the 1954 Geneva conference, following the Gulf of Tonkin incident (1964), the US significantly expanded its presence in the region and its defence of South Vietnam, and thus using this date as the beginning of the core war years. These run to the collapse of South Vietnam (30 April 1975), in two periods: (a) 1964-1972, the years of major US combat involvement, up to the peace agreement; (b) 1973-1975, from the Paris Peace Accords (27 January 1973), which brought US troops and prisoners of war home, to the collapse of South Vietnam.

  • Post-War: 1976-present
    Themes especially found in the post-Vietnam War era are lyrics about post-traumatic stress disorder, prisoners of war and the missing in action, the plight and treatment of veterans, and agent orange, in the years after the collapse of South Vietnam and the unification of North and South Vietnam.

1970

#1 J.J. Light Kent State 1970 · Single · Kent State / Gallup, New Mexico · Liberty # 15 393 A · USA
Annotation
The song "Kent State" (Liberty Records # 15 393 A) by J.J. Light - otherwise known as Jimmy Stallings, a member of the country rock group Sir Douglas Quintet, based in Texas, USA. Originally from New Mexico, he grew up in the Navajo Nation. In an interview with Cult Scoop Magazine, he said: "I grew up in Farmington, New Mexico, born in 1942. I’m part Native American, Navajo".1

The song recalled the moments of the Kent State shooting (or "Massacre"), which took place on May 4 1970, in Ohio, where members of the Ohio State Guard shot and killed four students. In a first person narrative, from the perspective of someone present at the incident: "woman is in the hot grass...the war on my back, the fire started...shooting" . The narrator called out to the National Guard "what you doing coming here...shooting at my friends" . At the end of the song, he sent a warning to the government, police, and the National Guard, that they "better stop pushing us around or we'll kick your brains out" i.e. they will retaliate.
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Liberty LB 15 393 A, black label with rainbow edge and Statue of Liberty logo, United Artists GmbH, GEMA, Liberty / UA GmbH, München; "Kent State" (J. J. Light), 2:11.

The picture sleeve front shows a colour photograph of J.J. Light standing by a tree with an acoustic guitar, titled "kent state / gallup, new mexico", catalogue 15 393; the back, headed "Musik '70", advertises Liberty LPs by Canned Heat, The Can, Amon Düül II, Paul Nero, Lester Wilson and Katja Ebstein, printed in Germany by C.v.d. Linnepe, Lüdenscheid. [From the record sleeve and labels]
Lyrics
English
Train on the track, on no we're about to be attacked
By now the whole woman is in the hot grass
Sitting low just waiting, a clock clock
Then the war on my back
The fire started while I was relaxing in bed almost asleep
Someone must be out of their head
What you doing coming here were I live
Getting me out of bed
Shooting at my friends, shooting, shooting, shooting
Burn down our cornfields, you''ll pulling the fish out of the water
You better stop pushing us around or we'll kick your brains out

1972

#2 Denver Indian Singers Song for Vietnam Veterans 1972 · Album · Denver Indian Singers · Canyon # C-6096 · USA
Annotation
Released during the war, the LP provided a historic overview of Indigenous Americans in the Denver, Colorado area. It featured the track "Song for Vietnam Veterans" (Canyon Records # C-6096) - the notes on the LP said: "the song for the Vietnam Veterans was composed by Ralph Wells, Jr., a leading White Shield singer, now passed on. The Denver Indian Singers honor his memory by including it on the record".1. The label, Canyon Records, was founded in 1951 by Ray Boley and Mary Boley, and largely featured music from Indigenous Americans.
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Canyon Records C-6096, track A7; recorded by Raymond Boley. Liner notes: the song was composed by Ralph Wells, Jr., "a leading White Shield singer, now passed on", and included in his memory. Singers Don Malnourie, Keith Fox, Kenneth Little, Conrad Little, John Black Bear.
#3 Arickara Singers Honoring Song (Vietnam Song) 1972 · Album · 18 Arickara Songs · Indian # IR-175 · USA
Annotation
North American Indigenous records, the back of the record said the songs were performed by the Arickara Singers, featuring Bobby Bear, Terry Howling Wolf, John Fox Sr., Dan Hopkins, Dan Howling Wolf, and Alvin Wells. The front cover featured a photograph of Arickara and Mandan delegation in Washington D.C. in 1874, with three escorts. The songs on the record were recorded at Whiteshield, North Dakota on 2 February 1972, and featured the track "Honoring Song (Vietnam Song)" (Indian Records # IR-175) - the record label was founded in 1968 by Oscar Wiley Humphreys in Watonga, Oklahoma, USA. The label originally started as a business called "Cheyenne Indian Village", selling Indigenous American good, before moving into the music sector.
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Indian Records, Inc. IR-175 (Watonga, Oklahoma), mono LP, track B4; recorded at Whiteshield, North Dakota, 2 February 1972, by Oscar Humphreys. Side B: Flag Song; Honoring Song (American Legion War Dead); Honoring Song (Old Scouts Song); Honoring Song (Vietnam Song).

1974

#4 Mandaree Singers Vietnam Veterans' Song 1974 · Album · Mandan Hidatsa Songs · Canyon # C-6114 · USA
Annotation
The Mandaree singers, featuring Bill Baker, Norman Baker, John Sitting Crow, and Clement Baker. The front cover had a photograph of of Four Bears, said on the back cover noted to be the "last traditional Mandan Chief". The sleeve also went on to say: "The Mandan Tribe, a member of the Three Affiliated Tribes today, live mainly in Mandaree or Western Segment of the Ft. Berthold Reservation in North Dakota". It contained the track "Vietnam Veterans Song" (Canyon Records # C-6114), which the noted described as "Song Number 6 honors Vietnam veterans: "Viet Cong, you want to rule the whole world. The young warriors from the Three Tribes have gone to stop this. They are brave men."1 Once again, released on Canyon Records, was founded in 1951 by Ray Boley and Mary Boley, and largely featured music from Indigenous Americans.
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Canyon Records C-6114, track B6 (printed "Vietnam Veterans' Song"); recorded by Raymond Boley. Sleeve: "Viet Cong, you want to rule the whole world. The young warriors from the Three Tribes have gone to stop this. They are brave men."

1986

#5 Los Angeles Northern Singers Slow War Dance, Vietnam Song 1986 · Archival · Powwow Songs - Music of the Plains Indians · New World # NW 343 · USA
Annotation
Various artist compilation, featuring the track "Slow War Dance, Vietnam Song" (New World Records # NW 343), released in the post-war 80s period. This particular track was recorded "live at the sixth annual Kihekah Steh Powwow, Skiatook, Oklahoma, in August 1975". The lead of the song was credited to Jack Anquoe. Notes on the record, about this track, said: "The honoring of veterans is an important part of the powwow. This stately song is dignified and less exuberant than most war dances".
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Theme: Vet

1990

#6 D.J. Nez Vietnam Hero 1990 · Album · My Heroes Have Always Been Indians · Sound of America # SOAR-111 · USA
Annotation
The front sleeve of this cassette release stated that: "D.J. Nez is proud to be Navaho. He's also proud to be an American. From Indian veteran's, to Indian rodeo cowboys, to Indian people everywhere, they are all heroes in his eyes". The inner sleeve continued: "A former veteran himself, D.J. Nez now marches to the sound of a different drum. It is apparent in the songs that he writes and sings that he genuinely loves and respects his people. This is the Indian way". The cassette contained the song "Vietnam Hero" (Sound of America Records # SOAR-111). The a-side of the cassette is labelled as Navaho "Two-Step Songs", and the b-side as "Skip Songs", both traditional Indigenous music genres. Produced by Tom Bee. Recorded at Accutrak Studios, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. Dedicated to "all Indians from all tribes".
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Sound of America Records SOAR-111, cassette, track B3 (side B "Skip Songs"); written by D.J. Nez; produced by Tom Bee. "Original Songs Performed In The Traditional Native American Style." Time from the digital release.

1993

#7 Black Lodge Singers Vietnam-Desert Storm 1993 · Album · Veterans' Honor Songs · Canyon # CR-16214 · USA
Annotation
Another album (Canyon Records # CR-6214) from the Black Lodge Singers, formed in White Swan, Washington, USA. Originally released on cassette, and later re-issued on CD, as suggested by the title, it was dedicated towards veterans and war. The back of the CD issue said that: "It is in the Native American way to always remember and honor the men and women who serve and have served in the armed forces. This recording presents ten pow-wow songs composed to honor those who have protected their country and their people".

As above, it contained the song "Vietnam – Desert Storm" - a reference to the 1990 First Gulf War, and so another interesting example of artists using Vietnam as a comparison point to contemporary events and wars, as well as an additional relevant track: "Vietnam Song" . The label, Canyon Records, was founded in 1951 by Ray Boley and Mary Boley, and largely featured music from Indigenous Americans.
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Canyon Records CR-16214, cassette, ℗ 1993, track B3, 3:47; producer Robert Doyle, recorded at Cereus Recording. Reissued on CD as CR-6214 (2004, track 8).
#8 Black Lodge Singers Vietnam Song 1993 · Album · Veterans' Honor Songs · Canyon # CR-16214 · USA
Annotation: see “Vietnam-Desert Storm” above (same release).

1996

#9 The Fort Yates Singers Vietnam Veteran's Song 1996 · Album · The Fort Yates Singers · Spalax # 14705/2 · USA
Annotation
Indigenous American Music, featuring the track "Vietnam Veteran's Song" (Spalax Music # 14705/2) - lead vocals from Ernie Thunder Hawk, Sr.. Fort Yates is a city in Sioux County, North Dakota, USA, and is the tribal headquarters of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Spalax Music 14705/2 (Switzerland), series "Authentic Music of the American Indian", track 2, 3:56; licensed from Makoché Recording Company; liner notes Cedric Goodhouse Sr. Also disc 2 of the 3-CD box "Wakan Tanka" (Spalax 14706). A second Vietnam song is track 9.
Theme: Vet
#10 The Fort Yates Singers Vietnam Veterans Song 1996 · Album · The Fort Yates Singers · Spalax # 14705/2 · USA
Annotation: see “Vietnam Veteran's Song” above (same release).
Theme: Vet

1997

#11 Smokeytown Singers Menominee Vietnam Veterans Song 1997 · Compilation · American Warriors: Songs for Indian Veterans · Rykodisc # RCD 10370 · USA
Annotation
The song "Menominee Vietnam Veterans Song" (Rykodisc # RCD 10370), performed by The Smokeytown Singers of Neopit, Wisconsin, organised and led by Myron Pyawasit in 1973. The notes in the booklet said the "Myron composed this veterans song to honor those Menominee servicemen who served in the Vietnam War".1 The lyrics are as follows: "Vietnam naenawehtaw nimiyon, naenawehtaw, waewaenen", which translates as "brave warriors from Vietnam are dancing, we are proud of you, thank you". Other songs on this compilation World War 1 & 2, Korea, and the First Gulf War (1990).
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Rykodisc RCD 10370 ("The World" series), track 12, 7:12; producer Thomas Vennum Jr., executive producer Mickey Hart. Composed by Myron Pyawasit to honour Menominee servicemen of the Vietnam War. Text: "Vietnam naenawehtaw nimiyon, naenawehtaw, waewaenen" ("brave warriors from Vietnam are dancing, we are proud of you, thank you").
Lyrics
English
Brave warriors from Vietnam are dancing, we are proud of you, thank you
Menominee:
"Vietnam naenawehtaw nimiyon, naenawehtaw, waewaenen

2001

#12 Mdewakanton Pow Wow Association Vietnam Veterans' Song 2001 · Album · Mahkato Wacipi · Innova # 547 · USA
Annotation
This various artist CD featured the song "Vietnam Veterans' Song" (Innova Recordings # 547), focused on Indigenous Americans that fought in the war. The back sleeve of the CD said: "Traditional stories and songs of the Dakotah and Lakotah nations presented by the Mahkato Mdewakanton Association commemorating the US-Dakotah Conflict of 1862 and the hanging of the Thirty Eight". Performers included: Bain Wilson, Colin Wilson, George Squirrelcoat, Jerry Dearly, Mazakute, and Prairie Island Singers.1
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Innova Recordings 547, 2-CD set, disc 1 track 5, 5:56; recorded at the Mahkato Wacipi (Mankato, Minnesota), commemorating the US-Dakota Conflict of 1862. Liner notes: "an old song that originally came out of North Dakota"; the drum is not credited (host drums Maza-kute, Prairie Island Singers, Lower Sioux Drum).
Theme: Vet

2007

#13 Black Lodge Singers Vietnam-Desert Storm Song 2007 · Album · Pow-Wow Songs Recorded Live at Fort Duchesne · Canyon # CR-6209 · USA
Credited on the record as Black Lodge.
Annotation
Recorded live in 1991 at the 23rd Northern Ute Pow-Wow at Fort Duchesne, Utah, USA, performed by Black Lodge Singers, formed in White Swan, Washington, USA. It contained the track "Vietnam-Desert Storm Song" (Canyon Records # CR-6209) - Desert Storm is of course a reference to the 1990 First Gulf War, and so another interesting example of artists using Vietnam as a comparison point to contemporary events and wars. The label, Canyon Records, was founded in 1951 by Ray Boley and Mary Boley, and largely featured music from Indigenous Americans.
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Canyon Records CR-6209, CD, track 3, 2:55; credited "Black Lodge". Recorded live at Fort Duchesne, Utah (Northern Ute Pow-Wow).

Unknown date

#14 William Horncloud Sioux Flag Song Compilation · Sioux Favorites · Canyon # ARP 6059 · USA
Annotation
The track "Sioux Flag Song" (Canyon Records # ARP 6059) sung by William Horncloud, probably released around 1968-1970, although songs seem to have been recorded before this, featuring on various 78s. Notes on the record said "A flag song, which always honors the flag of the United States, is also used to open a formal celebration. There are many of these songs. They are being composed constantly and usually deal with current events, particularly wars: World War II, the Korean conflict, the war in Vietnam–and the brave Sioux boys who participated".1 As mentioned above, the label, Canyon Records, was founded in 1951 by Ray Boley and Mary Boley, and largely featured music from Indigenous Americans.
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Canyon Records ARP 6059, track A2; no date printed (reviewed in Ethnomusicology in 1971; the recordings first came out on 78s). Sleeve: flag songs "are being composed constantly and usually deal with current events, particularly wars: World War II, the Korean conflict, the war in Vietnam".
#15 The Singing Tribesmen The American Way Album · The American Way · Okie # LPS 7108 · USA
Annotation
A patriotic American Indigenous, Christian LP, with the song "The American Way" (# LPS 7108) by The Singing Tribesmen, led by Roy Willis, a veteran of the Vietnam War. The back of the sleeve said: "part of the old Choctaw Nation, where education had a top priority and the tribe provided schools which were forerunners of modern institutions. Willis is also a veteran of the Viet Nam War". The song noted the impact of war: "mothers are crying, young men are dying", while promoting patriotism "to keep our country free", and criticizing protesters and those that do not follow Christian / religious practice: "many people protesting... failing to kneel and pray". There is no record label, and seems to be self-released, with the back of the record stating: "for more copies or bookings write: The Singing Tribesmen / Roy A. Willis, MGR. Route 2, Box 32, Broken Bow, Oklahoma, 74728". Printed by Wills Printing Co, Arlington, Texas. A later issue of the record has "Okie Records" printed on it.1
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
LPS 7108, title track A4, 2:30 (Haskell Cooley, Suzanne Vance). Recorded at Sumet-Bernet Sound Studios, Dallas; sleeve notes Mary M. Frye. Members: Roy A. Willis (lead vocals), Henry L. Battiest, Dale Benson, Wayne Smith, Danny Ray, Steve Winters. Self-issued (write to Roy A. Willis, Broken Bow); a later issue carries the Okie Records name.
Lyrics
English
Look all around you
See all the trouble in this central land
There is turmoil everywhere
There's danger in the air
You can't be safe in the streets at night in every single town
What will it take to turn this world around
Just a little more living
Just a living more giving
See your friends and neighbors each and every day
Just a little more friendship
Just a little more kinship
Just a little more loving in a Christian way
Mothers crying
Young men are dying
To keep this country free
This war on every hand
It's travelling through our land
Many people protesting
Forgetting blessing, failing to kneel and pray
What will it take to save the American way...
Show full lyrics (21 lines) ▾

Buffy Sainte-Marie

CBS investigation, which ran the headline: "Who is the real Buffy Sainte-Marie? Buffy Sainte-Marie’s claims to Indigenous ancestry are being contradicted by members of the iconic singer-songwriter’s own family and an extensive CBC investigation"1

1964

#16 Buffy Sainte-Marie Universal Soldier 1964 · Album · It's My Way! · Vanguard # VRS-9142 · USA
Annotation
The song "Universal Soldier" , released in April 1964, and composed by Saint-Marie, is one of the most well-known and iconic anti-war song from the Vietnam War era - it was later covered by many artists, including Donovan and Glen Campbell. The song placed the blame for fighting on individual people: "he really is to blame... his orders... come from him, you, and me" - which differed from many anti-war songs of the period, which placed the blame on the government and military structures, rather than those forced to fight. This song also generated several answer records, including Jan Berry's "Universal Coward".

Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Since the early 1960s, Sainte-Marie claimed to have been born on the Piapot Cree First Nations Reserve in the Qu'Appelle Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada, and that she descended from the Cree. However, a CBS investigation concluded that Sainte-Marie was born in the US, of Italian and English descent.
Lyrics
English
He's five feet two and he's six feet four
He fights with missiles and with spears
He's all of 31 and he's only 17
He's been a soldier for a thousand years
He's a Catholic, a Hindu, an atheist a Jain
A Buddhist and a Baptist and a Jew
And he knows he shouldn't kill
And he knows he always will
Kill you for me my friend and me for you
And he's fighting for Canada
He's fighting for France
He's fighting for the USA
And he's fighting for the Russians
And he's fighting for Japan
And he thinks we'll put an end to war this way
And he's fighting for Democracy
And fighting for the Reds
He says it's for the peace of all
He's the one who must decide
Who's to live and who's to die
And he never sees the writing on the walls
But without him how would Hitler have
Condemned him at Dachau
Without him Caesar would have stood alone
He's the one who gives his body
As a weapon to a war
And without him all this killing can't go on
He's the universal soldier and he really is to blame
His orders come from far away no more
They come from him, and you, and me
And brothers can't you see
This is not the way we put an end to war
Show full lyrics (33 lines) ▾
Theme: Anti-War

1971

#17 Buffy Sainte-Marie Moratorium (Bring Our Brothers Home) 1971 · Single · Soldier Blue / Moratorium (Bring Our Brothers Home) · RCA Victor # RCA 2081 · USA
Annotation
Another significant protest / anti-war song from Buffy Sainte-Marie, the track "Moratorium (Bring Our Brother Home)" (RCA Victor # 2081) from the album "She Used to Wanna Be a Ballerina" told the story of soldiers returning from Vietnam to the US and being dismayed by the protest movement. But, Buffy Saint-Marie argued that they protested against the war for the soldiers, to bring them home safely, a very different perspective from her famous "Universal Soldier" song, which placed the blame on the individual soldiers. Moratorium referenced the Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam, a massive demonstration across the US on 15 October 1969, followed up by a march on Washington on 15 November 1969.1
Annotation by Justin A. Brummer
Notes
Since the early 1960s, Sainte-Marie claimed to have been born on the Piapot Cree First Nations Reserve in the Qu'Appelle Valley, Saskatchewan, Canada, and that she descended from the Cree. However, a CBS investigation concluded that Sainte-Marie was born in the US, of Italian and English descent. RCA Victor RCA 2081 (ZTSP 222617), stereo, orange label, "Manufactured by RCA Limited, England from master recordings of RCA Records", "A Product of Vanguard Recording Society Inc."; "Moratorium (Bring Our Brothers Home)" (Buffy Sainte-Marie), Caleb Music (MCPS), 4.00; produced by Buffy Sainte-Marie & Jack Nietzsche (AGBKS 0532).

Issued in a green and white RCA company sleeve. [From the record sleeve and labels]
Lyrics
English
P.F.C. Mannie Stein had been drafted and gone...
He came home and called some friends, they'd resisted the draft and they both were in prison...
Corporal Thomas McCann is a three year marine...
And he looked at the sign...it said fuck the war
Oh soldiers, it's for you, we formed our little bands...
We're riskin' all we have...
We want to bring you home
We wanna hold you in our arms

Key stats

17 songs · 15 releases · 13 artists · 11 labels · 1964–2007

Time period
  • 1972, 1993 and 1996 share the peak, with two songs each.
  • 8 were released during the war years (to 1975); nine came after.
  • Two records are undated.
Artists
  • 13 artists for 17 songs. The most represented is Black Lodge Singers, with three.
  • One of the artists is still unidentified beyond the record: no line-up, no biography.
Songwriters
  • By performer: 13 men, two women and two mixed groups (recorded for 17).
  • 7 named songwriters. The most often credited is Buffy Sainte-Marie, with two.
Labels
  • 9 of the 11 labels appear exactly once; Canyon has the most, with six.
  • Three sit on a major or well-known imprint — Liberty, RCA Victor, Vanguard. The other 14 are on independent, regional or private labels.
Locations
  • All 17 are American. North Dakota leads with four, then New York three and Washington three.
  • New York City accounts for three records, more than any other city; White Swan has three, Fort Yates two.
Themes
  • By perspective: nine post-war; three peace, protest and anti-war; three patriotic, pro-government or anti-protest; two home front or soldier's perspective.
  • 15 distinct sub-themes across 17 songs.
  • Pro-Soldier is the single biggest subject — 7 songs, nearly one in three.
  • Next come Anti-War (3), Demonstration (2), First Gulf War (2) and Patriotic (2).